Nature of Business

The Company, its subsidiaries, associates and related companies have the source of revenue from 4 businesses as follows:

1. Hospital Business

The Group operates large private hospitals that provides comprehensive medical services by specialists in all fields and experienced personnel as well as state-of-theart medical equipment to general patients and patients under government welfare programs, such as patients under the Social Security Scheme (SSS) and patients under the National Health Security Office (NHSO), both outpatients and inpatients.

Currently, the Group has established Centre of Excellence and had special medical centers to provide comprehensive medical services to patients, including:

Centre of Excellence (Ramkhamhaeng Hospital)

1. 24-hour Heart Center Providing treatment for heart conditions with a team of expert physicians and state-of-the-art medical equipment and instruments along with treatment for heart emergencies throughout 24 hours
   • Treatment for Coronary Artery Bypass Catheterization without surgery
   • Treatment for Arrhythmias with Cardiac Catheterization to destroy abnormal Generator Points
   • Treatment of cardiac arrhythmia through cryballoon ablation
   • Implantation of a Heart Rate Monitor or Emergency Defibrillator
   • Diagnosis of Cardiac Arrhythmias by attaching a Wearable ECG Recorder
   • Artificial Heart Valve Replacement through Catheterization without surgery
   • Cardiothoracic Surgery
   • Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation to allow patients to return to a healthy life
   • Emergency ambulance for Heart disease patient (Mobile CCU)
2. Laparoscopic surgery center for pituitary tumors (RAM Pituitary Center) provides accurate and safe laparoscopic surgery with no external wound and able to recover quickly
3. Neurology
   • Neurology and Brain Medicine providing treatment for Dementia and Alzheimer's
   • Treatment for Movement Disorders, Pain and Muscle Spasms with Botulinum Toxin injection
   • Rehabilitation of Paralysis, Stroke, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Pain with TMS and PMS Electromagnetic Waves
   • Acute Paralysis Center and Acute Coronary Center
   • Robot-assisted gait training for physical therapy and rehabilitation
4. Neurology & Neurosurgery Center
   • Cerebral Aneurysm Treatment Center
   • Pituitary Tumor Surgery Center
   • Cerebrovascular Disease Treatment Center
   • Treatment for Cerebrovascular Disease with Thrombolytics or Catheterization and Dilation of Blood Vessels.
5. Orthopedic Center
   • Spine and Neck Surgery Center
   • Knee and Hip Replacement Surgery
   • Laparoscopic Shoulder Joint Surgery
   • Endoscopic surgery of hand and wrist.
   • Treatment of herniated discs without surgery by Nucleoplasty
   • Treatment of Herniated Disc Spinal Nerve Sprain with a Small Incision Laparoscopic Surgery and Radiofrequency Herniation
6. Diabetic Foot Center Providing supervision by an endocrinologist and metabolism specialist and a multidisciplinary team of doctors; treatment for diabetic foot ulcers and embolism by catheter-based interventions to reduce the risk of limb amputation. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is also utilized to enhance healing and further prevent amputation.
7. Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery Center
   • Treatment for Chronic Sinusitis and Septal Septum with FESS Laparoscopic Surgery
   • Treatment for Vertigo and Auditory Neurological Disease
   • Tonsillectomy for airway obstruction that causes snoring and tongue tumor surgery
   • Surgery to correct hoarseness from vocal cord paralysis
   • Minimally invasive and scarless endoscopic thyroid surgery
8. Skin and Laser Surgery Center
   • Treatment for Skin Diseases, Psoriasis Mill, and Skin Diseases by UV (Phototherapy) Radiation
   • Treatment for Dermatological and Aesthetic Conditions with Laser and Specialized Dermatological Tools
   • Treatment of dermatological and aesthetic conditions using lasers and specialized dermatological devices, including micro-focused ultrasound for non-surgical skin tightening, and pigment disorders treated with high-quality, certified Pico-second lasers—all performed by experienced specialists
9. Digestive and Liver Center
   • Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Cirrhosis and Gallstones
   • Stomach Cancer, Liver Cancer, Colon Cancer
   • TACE treatment: A non-surgical alternative for treating liver cancer
   • Providing diagnosis and treatment with modern and safe medical instruments, such as GI Endoscopy, CT scan, MRI, Intervention Radiology
10. Kidney Transplant Center In 2021, Ramkhamhaeng Hospital has been approved by the Ministry of Public Health to be a hospital that can perform kidney transplant surgery for end-stage renal failure patients. This will greatly enhance the medical treatment and quality of life of chronic renal failure patients who are admitted to Ramkhamhaeng Hospital.
11. Health and Weight Center A center providing personalized weight loss consultations and care by a team of medical professionals and specialists from various disciplines. The comprehensive program includes behavioral dietary adjustments, personalized nutrition counseling and meal planning under the care of a professional dietitian, exercise, medication, and minimally invasive laparoscopic weight loss surgery.

Specialized Medical Centers (Ramkhamhaeng Hospital and Subsidiaries)

1. Eye Clinic
2. Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic
3. Gastroenterology Clinic
4. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic
5. Pediatric Clinic
6. Skin Care Clinic and Laser Surgery
7. Dental Clinic
8. Internal Medicine Clinic
9. Gastrointestinal and Liver Clinic
10. Diabetes Clinic
11. General Surgery Department
12. Kidney Department
13. Psychiatric Department
14. Cancer Center
15. Psychiatric department
16. Respiratory Department
17. Orthopedic Center
18. Occupational Health Screening Department
19. Health check-up center
20. Inpatient Department
21. Intensive Care Unit
22. Radiation center and laboratory
23. Emergency Room
24. Pharmacy Department
25. Health and Weight Center

The company was certified by the Medical Council of Thailand as a training center for medical assistant in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to enhance the capability and create quality personnel to provide treatment to more patients.

In order to meet the lifestyle of the modern generation, the Company has implemented the digital technology as part of the medical treatment which allows the company to deliver new type of medical service and improves the speed and accuracy in diagnosis and cure. For the quality of medical treatment and a good experience in receiving treatment, Ramkhamhaeng Hospital has developed a patient information management system through an electronic system (Hospital Information System) for more than 10 years and has developed various applications as a tool for providing faster patient care. This allows the patients to be able to access to treatment information, medicine information, booking the doctor and various medical services of the hospital which make Ramkhamhaeng hospital truly becomes the smart hospital for all patients.

In addition, a system for connecting healthcare databases has been developed between affiliated hospitals that use a shared system. This facilitates the access to patients' medical history in case they seek treatment at different hospitals, enabling doctors to access valuable information for patient care. The system is designed with the utmost consideration for data security and patient privacy.

To meet the lifestyle of the new generation, the company has added online communication channels both on the hospital website and on social media Including the country's leading web boards such as Facebook, Line, Pantip.com to provide useful information about health, advising and communicating various medical services of the hospital and being a channel for contacting and providing information to patients and those interested in the hospital services. Additionally, patient and customer can access to medical products and health services online through Ram Market Place online store and other online trading channels such as Lazada, Shopee, etc.

Hospital Under Operation of the Company and its Subsidiaries

Hospitals in the Group operated under Subsidiaries, the Company will send a director to join the management as consultants and advisors. As of December 31, 2024, there are 14 hospitals under the operations of the Company and its subsidiaries including:

1. Ramkhamhaeng Hospital A 486-registered beds large private hospital located on Ramkhamhaeng Road. The hospital opened for service to general patients since 1988, providing comprehensive medical services with specialist doctors and medical technology that are safe and of international standards. There are currently nine centers of excellence to serve the needs of the hospital and patients of the affiliates.
2. Muang Loei-Ram Hospital A 100-registered bed private hospital located in Muang District, Loei Province, opened for general patients since 1996.
3. Chaiyapum Ram Hospital A 60-registered bed private hospital located in Muang District, Chaiyapum Province, opened to general patients since 2006. In 2022, it was accredited by the American Accreditation Commission (AACI) to raise the standard of providing treatment services to people in Chaiyaphum and nearby areas.
4. Chiang Rai Ram Hospital A 59-bed private hospital located in Mueang District, Chiang Rai. The hospital was formerly known as “Chiang Rai Inter Hospital” opened to general patients since 2007. The hosptial become subsidiary of the Company in June 2022.
5. Ramkhamhaeng2 Hospital A 560-registered bed private hospital opened 79 located on Ramkhamhaeng Road. The hospital opened for service to general patients since 2024, providing comprehensive medical services with specialist doctors and medical technology that are safe and of international standards. In 2023 it was accredited by the American Accreditation Commission (AACI) to raise the standard of providing treatment services to people.
6. Vibharam Hospital Group Large private hospitals that consist of 6 subsidiaries, 3 branch hospitals and 2 network clinics located in Bangkok, Samut Prakan and near the major industrial estates in Chonburi Province. It is considered to be a group of hospitals with strong network and specialized medical personnel to provide treatment services with modern and safe medical technology that meets international standards and HA standards. These include:
   1. Vibharam Hospital has a head office and 3 branches to provide services to general patients and social security patients, namely:
      • Vibharam Pattanakarn Hospital (Flagship) is a 150-registered bed private hospital located on Phatthanakan Road, near Pattanakarn Intersection, Srinakarin Road intersection and near the Eastern Motorway heading to Suvarnabhumi Airport. It has been providing medical services since 1998 and received HA Level 3 Quality System Certification. On 2023, Mother and Child building at Vibharam Phatthanakan will also open in operation with the total of 59 registered beds to facilitate, service and increase capacity of the additional patients who increasingly come to the hospital.
      • Vibharam Hospital, Laem Chabang Branch, formally known as Laem Chabang International Hospital and changed to Vibharam Hospital Laem Chabang Branch since 2014. The hospital has 100 beds, located in Laem Chabang Municipality near Laem Chabang Port, Laem Chabang Industrial Estate and Pinthong Industrial Estate providing treatment for general diseases, Chronic diseases and vaccination services.
      • Vibharam Hospital, Samut Sakhon Branch Branch is a 100-registered bed private hospital, opened since 2016, located in Samut Sakhon Municipality, Mueang District, Samut Sakhon Province. In addition to having a comprehensive treatment department, the hospital also operates a dialysis department that supports patients entitled to social security, rights under the Comptroller General's Department and self-pay.
      • Vibharam On Nut Medical Clinic, is a clinic to support patients with social security rights of Vibharam Hospital located on On Nut Road, Prawet District, Bangkok
   2. Phaetpanya Hospital is a 125-registered bed private hospital, opened since 1977, located at Soi Ramkhamhaeng 4, Suan Luang District, Bangkok. There are 3 more network clinics currently serving general patients, social security patients and patients under NHSO scheme.
   3. Vibharam Pakkred Hospital is a 100-registered bed private hospital opened since 2010, located on Chaeng Watthana Road near the Chao Phraya River Bridge (Rama 4) and Pakkred Intersection Tunnel, currently providing services to general patients and social security patients. The hospital has received HA Level 3 Quality System Certification.
   4. Vibharam Samutprakarn, was formally known as Vibharam Amata Nakorn Hospital is a 100-registered bed private hospital opened since 2014, located on the road leading to Amata Nakorn Industrial Estate on the main road of Amata Nakorn Industrial Estate, Chonburi Province. In 2023, the hospital will open a radiotherapy center.to support general patients and patients under the patients under the National Health Security Office. According to the government's promotional policy, Cancer Anywhere, which can be treated at all registered hospitals across the country, it creates convenience and reduces the waiting time for radiotherapy services that previously had to be treated at a government hospital.
   5. Vibharam Amata Nakorn Hospital is a 137-registered bed private hospital opened since 2014, located on the road leading to Amata Nakorn Industrial Estate on the main road of Amata Nakorn Industrial Estate, Chonburi Province. It is currently providing services to general patients and social security patients and is considered the first hospital established in the industrial estate with the aim to facilitate health services for the factory employees of Amata Nakorn Industrial Estate, and other residences surrounding the Estate and in the nearby area. The hospital received HA Level 3 Quality System Certification. In addition to having a comprehensive treatment department, there is also an occupational medicine center. And emergency accident center Providing treatment with modern medical equipment. Vibharam Amata Nakorn Hospital plans to expand a new hospital by studying the feasibilirt of the Vibharam Amata City Hospital Project, Rayong Province.
   6. Vibharam Amatanakorn Specialized Cancer Hospital has been established since 2019 with the collaboration between Bangkok Center Specialized Hospital (50%) and Vibharam Amatanakorn Hospital (50%) to provide medical treatment services in Radiotherapy and Oncology for patients residing in Amatanakorn real estate and nearby area, social security patients and general patients. With 70 Radiotherapy session per day. The hospital also provides Chemotherapy and Manco High Precise Radiotherapy Treatment Planning with 4 OPD beds, and 10 IPD beds. The hospital is in the process of purchasing another radiation machine to support the increasing number of patients, both general patients. Patients, Social Security Scheme within the group and patients under the National Health Security Office under the Cancer Anywhere project, with a commitment to be a comprehensive cancer treatment center in the eastern part on Thailand.

2. Sales of Medical equipment, medicines, and medical supplies and medical device calibration services (M.I.CAL.SYSTEM)

Ramkhamhaeng Hospital Public Company Limited has procured medical equipment and medical supplies to sell to its subsidiaries, associates and related companies, giving the company a high bargaining power of procurement because of large volume orders at a time.

Since the M.I.CAL.SYSTEM Business has strong growth and in order to have a clear operating business structure, on March 13th, 2023, the Company has established M. I. Calibration System Co., Ltd. as a subsidiary which is 100% held by the company. M. I. Calibration System Co., Ltd. operate a sell of medical devices laboratory medical supplies and calibration of medical devices for the Company, its affiliates and external customers.

In the year 2024, the business of selling medical instruments, drugs, and medical supplies, as well as providing medical instrument calibration services (M.I.CAL.SYSTEM), continued to generate revenue for the company.

• Medical device calibration service (MICAL.SYSTEM) was established for the purpose of calibrating medical devices to ensure that devices used for examinations, measurements and testing, which affect the quality of patient care, are precise and accurate, efficient and suitable for their specific uses. In 2024, the Company gained a revenue of 11.35 million baht.
• Sales of certain types of medical devices and medical supplies such as surgical bed, lamp, boiler, patient bed, electrical system, blood transducer, stationary incubator, plate screw, laser machine and others. In 2024, the revenue was 1,229.68 million baht.
• Laboratory diagnostics service to provide services to subsidiaries, associates and related companies that do not have the tools available to conduct the diagnosis by themselves. In 2024, the revenue was 55.29 million baht.

As of December 31, 2024, revenue from sales of medical devices, clinical labs services and medical device calibration services (M.I.CAL.SYSTEM) is at 1,296.32 million baht.

3. Medicine and Medical Supplies

The Company has jointly invested in an associate that operates the business of selling medical devices and medical supplies with experiences in manufacturing, importing, distributing medicines, medical supplies, dialysis fluids, as well as providing repair services for medical devices.

4. Investments in Associate and Related Companies

In addition to the hospital business and the sale of medical instruments, medicines, and medical supplies, the Company sees the opportunity to invest in associates and other companies which operate in a hospital business, hospital-related business and other businesses that the Company regularly receives dividends every year from the turnover of the invested company. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had a dividend income of 267.80 million baht.